Meiosis Guide, Meaning , Facts, Information and Description
Meiosis is a cellular process that forms the basis for sexual reproduction, together with syngamy. It is a form of nuclear division by which a diploid parent produces four haploid daughter cells. This includes two stages of nuclear division (meiosis I and II), usually accompanied by cell division. Single-stage meiosis has been suggested but not convincingly demonstrated. Most animals and plants are normally diploid, and use meiosis to produce gametes, which fuse to form zygotes that develop into new organisms. This is often the primary or only means of proliferation. In other eukaryotes, sexual reproduction may play a more restricted role.
The mechanistic differences between mitosis, which produces somatic cells, and meiosis, is best understood by considering mitosis first. (All jargon used in this article is defined in the article on mitosis.) During a mitotic division, chromosomes are duplicated but remain closely aligned, and these twin copies are called sister chromatids. Note that diploid cells have two sets of homologous chromosomes. DNA replication generates sister chromatids from each chromosome, and in the interval between DNA replication and cell division, the cell bears four copies of each chromosome. At metaphase, sister chromatids align on the mitotic spindle. At anaphase, these sister chromatids separate, each migrating toward an opposite pole of the spindle. The two new cells that result bear one copy of each homologous chromosome.
As described earlier, meiotic nuclear division consists of two stages, called meiosis I and meiosis II. It starts with a cell in the same state as does a mitotic division. However, the alignment of chromosomes for prophase is different. Homologous chromosomes join into tetrads (so called because each tetrad contains four chromatids), and the tetrads line up on the metaphase plane.
- During prophase I (the prophase of meiosis I), various phenomena unique to meiosis may occur, such as recombination or crossing over. These mechanisms also contribute to the genetic variation in the gametes:
- During metaphase I, the tetrads line up on the metaphase plate or equatorial plate.
- During anaphase I, they are pulled apart into their constituent homologous chromosomes.
Meiosis is a figure of speech. See meiosis (figure of speech)
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