Plurals

• Feminine words in -o are generally invariable in the plural. One exception: la mano, le mani.
• Words in -cio and -gio form plurals in -ci and -gi (to preserve pronunciation).
• Words in -co and -go:
  • Form plurals in -ci and -gi if the final letter before the prefix is a vowel: l'amico, gli amici
  • Generally form plurals in -chi and -ghi if the final letter before the prefix is a consonant: il fungo, i funghi
• Words in -cia and -gia:
  • Form plurals in -cie and -gie if the final letter before the prefix is a vowel: la camicia, le camicie
  • Form plurals in -ce and -ge if the final letter before the prefix is a consonant: la frangia, le frange
• Words in -cie are invariable in the plural, with the exception of: la superficie, le superfici.

Articles

(1) before nouns beginning with z, gn, pn, ps, or impure s

In general, for adjectives:

• Masculine in -o, plural in -i
• Masculine in -e, plural in -i
• Feminine in -a, plural in -e
• Feminine in -e, plural in -i

Possessive adjectives

• Masc. sing.: mio, tuo, suo, nostro, vostro, loro
• Fem. sing.: mia, tua, sua, nostra, vostra, loro
• Masc. pl.: miei, tuoi, suoi, nostri, vostri, loro
• Fem. pl.: mie, tue, sue, nostre, vostre, loro

• Simple tenses
  • Present (do, am doing)
  • Imperfect (was doing, used to do)
  • Future (will do)
  • Preterite (did)
• Compound tenses
  • Recent Past (have done)
  • Recent Pluperfect (had done)
  • Remote Pluperfect (had been doing)
  • Future Perfect (will have done)

Verbs

Questions are formed by a rising intonation at the end of the sentence and optional verb-subject inversion, as in most European languages (see examples below).

Some regular -ire verbs conjugate normally, and some conjugate according to the -isco pattern. There is no way to tell other than to memorize which are which.

Subjunctive mood

• Present
  • -are: -i, -i, -i, -iamo, -iate, -ino
  • -ere: -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano
  • -ire (partire): -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano
  • -ire (capire): -isca, -isca, -isca, -iamo, -iate, -iscano
• Imperfect
  • -are: -assi, -assi, -asse, -assimo, -aste, -assero
  • -ere: -essi, -essi, -esse, -essimo, -este, -essero
  • -ire: -issi, -issi, -isse, -issimo, -iste, -issero

Conditional mood

• Conditional
  • -are: -erei, -eresti, -erebbe, -eremmo, -ereste, -ebbero
  • -ere: -erei, -eresti, -erebbe, -eremmo, -ereste, -ebbero
  • -ire: -irei, -iresti, -irebbe, -iremmo, -ireste, -ebbero

Imperative mood

• -are: -a, -i, -iamo, -ate, -ino
• -ere: -i, -a, -iamo, -ete, -ano
• -ire (partire): -i, -a, -iamo, -ite, -ano
• -ire (capire): -isci, -isca, -iamo, -ite, -iscano

Non-finite forms

• Gerund: -ando, -endo, -endo
• Participle: -ato, -uto, -ito

Irregular verbs

• Present: sono, sei, è, siamo, siete, sono
• Imperfect: ero, eri, era, eravamo, eravate, erarano
• Future: sarò, sarai, sarà, saremo, sarete, saranno
• Preterite: fui, fosti, fu, fummo, foste, furono

Prepositions

• di (of) (d' before a vowel)
• a (to; at [a location]) (ad before a vowel)
• da (from)
• in (in, into)
• con (with)
• per (for)
• su (on, over, about)
• tra or fra (between, among)

Compounds

X+il, X+lo, X+la, X+l', X+i, X+gli, X+le

• di: del, dello, della, dell', dei, degli, delle
• a: al, allo, alla, all', ai, agli, alle
• da: dal, dallo, dalla, dall', dai, dagli, dalle
• in: nel, nello, nella, nell', nei, negli, nelle
• su: sul, sullo, sulla, sull', sui, sugli, sulle
• con (spoken): col, collo, colla, coll', coi, cogli, colle

This is an Article on Italian grammar. Page Contains Information, Facts Details or Explanation Guide About Italian grammar

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