Codeine Guide, Meaning , Facts, Information and Description
- ''For the rock band of this name see Codeine (band).
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(5alpha,6alpha)-7,8-Didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-ol |
Codeine, or methylmorphine (C18H21NO3), is an alkaloid found in opium in concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2.5 percent. Most codeine used in the United States is synthesized from morphine through the process of methylation. This is interesting since the pharmacological effects experienced after codeine administration are due to morphine. The liver converts codeine to morphine. Morphine itself is not used, since when taken orally, the liver immediately breaks down approximately 90% of it before it enters the bloodstream. In about 7% of the Caucasian population and somewhat less of others, however, the liver enzyme responsible for this metabolism is deficient, and thus codeine is virtually ineffective in these individuals; however, the side-effects (mainly constipation) are still felt. Compared to morphine, codeine produces less analgesia, sedation, and respiratory depression, and is frequently taken orally, though it can also work when taken subcutaneously.
Codeine is medically prescribed for the relief of moderate pain. It is made into tablets either alone or in combination with caffeine, aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol/Paracetamol) or ibuprofen. Codeine is an effective cough suppressant and is found in a number of liquid preparations. Codeine products are also used to a lesser extent as an injectable solution for the treatment of pain. It is by far the most widely used naturally occurring narcotic in medical treatment in the world. Codeine products are encountered on the illicit market, frequently in combination with glutethimide (Doriden) or carisoprodol (Soma).
See also: dihydrocodeine, morphine