Causative Guide, Meaning , Facts, Information and Description
In some languages, there are morphological and syntactic devices that change a verb of doing into a verb of causing. This device is called the causative.The causative form of the verb in Sanskrit (Skt. n.ijanta) is the form used when the subject of a clause forces or makes another object perform an action. This is comparable to the English usage of "have" + infinitive, i.e. I had John build the house, French constructions with faire or laisser, and German constructions with lassen.
In Sanskrit, the Causative suffix -ay is attached to the verbal root, or dhātu. If the root ends in a vowel (the 1, 4, 6, 8 classes), this will cause vowel sandhi to take place. Then one adds the appropriate active (parasmaipada) or mediopassive (ātmanepada) to the verb. Essentially, the verb then looks like a normal tenth class verb.
Examples:
√bhū (to be, exist; 1st class) + ay = bhāv-ay (vowel sandhi) + ati (3ps present ending) = bhāvayati He causes to be, he makes exist
√khd (to eat; 2nd class) + ay = khād-ay (note no sandhi, as root ends in consonant) + āmi (1ps present ending) = khādayāmi I cause to eat, i.e. I feed
Sometimes the root vowel will undergo guna or vrddhi(vowel strengthening), again much like verbs in the normal tenth class (√cur = to steal; present tense corayati = He steals)
Any tense or mood can be made from the causative root of the verb, including tertiary conjugations. One can, for example, make a causative of a desiderative. These are, however, rare in Sanskrit literature. An example:
Causative of √bhū (to be): bhāvayati (He causes to be) Desiderative of √bhū (to be): bubhūs.ati (He wishes to be)
Causative of Desiderative: babhāvayis.ati (He wishes to cause to be). Quite a mouthful in English, but this extreme example bears witness to the amazing precision of Sanskrit.
Klingon has a morphological causative suffix, the class 4 suffix -moH. As in Sanskrit, the causative can be added to any sensible verb:
Potential of Sop to eat: SoplaH he eats
Causative of Sop to eat: SopmoH he causes it to eat
Causative of Potential: SopmoHlaH he causes it to be able to eat
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