Bismuth Guide, Meaning , Facts, Information and Description

lead - bismuth - polonium Sb Bi Uup       Full table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	Bismuth, Bi, 83
Chemical series	Poor metals
Group, Period, Block	15 (VA), 6, p
Density, Hardness	9780 kg/m3, 2.25
Appearance	lustrous reddish white
Atomic properties
Atomic weight	208.98038 amu
Atomic radius (calc.)	160 (143) pm
Covalent radius	146 pm
van der Waals radius	no data
Electron configuration	[Xe]44f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
e- 's per energy level	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5
Oxidation states (Oxide)	3, 5 (mildly acidic)
Crystal structure	Rhombohedral
Physical properties
State of matter	Solid (diamagnetic)
Melting point	544.4 K (520.3 °F)
Boiling point	1837 K (2847 °F)
Molar volume	21.31 ×10;10-6 m3/mol
Heat of vaporization	104.8 kJ/mol
Heat of fusion	11.3 kJ/mol
Vapor pressure	0.000627 Pa at 544 K
Speed of sound	1790 m/s at 293.15 K
Miscellaneous
Electronegativity	2.02 (Pauling scale)
Specific heat capacity	122 J/(kg×K);
Electrical conductivity	0.867 106/m ohm
Thermal conductivity	07.87 W/(m×K);
1st ionization potential	703 kJ/mol
2nd ionization potential	1610 kJ/mol
3rd ionization potential	2466 kJ/mol
4th ionization potential	4370 kJ/mol
5th ionization potential	5400 kJ/mol
6th ionization potential	8520 kJ/mol
Most stable isotopes
iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 207Bi {syn.} 31.55 y ε 2.399 207Pb 208Bi {syn.} 3,368,000 y ε 2.880 208Pb 209Bi 100% (1.9±0.2) ×1019y α   205 Tl
SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Bismuth is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. This heavy, brittle, white crystalline trivalent poor metal has a pink tinge and chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Most diamagnetic of all metals, bismuth has the lowest thermal conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead-free bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics and in medical procedures.

Table of contents

1 Notable characteristics 2 Applications 3 Crystals 4 History 5 Occurrence 6 References 7 External links

Notable characteristics

It is a brittle metal with a pinkish hue with an iridescent tarnish. Among the heavy metalss, it is the heaviest and the only non-toxic. No other metal is more diamagnetic than bismuth, except mercury. This metal, which occurs in its native form, has a high electrical resistance and also has the highest Hall effect of any metal (that is, it has the greatest increase in electrical resistance when it is placed in a magnetic field). When heated in air bismuth burns with a blue flame and its oxide forms yellow fumes.

Bismuth has long been thought to be unstable on theoretical grounds, but not until 2003 was this demonstrated when researchers at the Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale in Orsay, France measured the alpha emission half-life of Bi-209 to be (1.9 ± 0.2) × 10¹⁹ years;, meaning that bismuth is not truly stable, though in effect it is. Due to this phenomenal half-life, the use of bismuth in (eg) certain medicines poses no radiological hazard. Any food containing the normal amount of carbon 14 is many thousands of times more radioactive than bismuth. However, the radioactivity was of academic interest because bismuth is one of few elements whose radioactivity was suspected, and indeed theoretically predicted, rather than detected in the lab.

An immortal who lost a digestive bacterium every year, or a hair every several thousand years, would lose mass more rapidly than a sample of bismuth decays.

Applications

Bismuth oxychloride is extensively used in cosmetics and bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine. Bismuth subsalicylate is a bright pink liquid used as an antidiarrheal. [1]

Some other uses are:

• Strong permanent magnets can be made from the alloy bismanol (MnBiBi).
• Many bismuth alloys have low melting points and are widely used for fire detection and suppression system safety devices.
• Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons.
• Bismuth is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers.
• Also used as a thermocouple material.
• A carrier for U-235 or U-233 fuel in nuclear reactors.
• Bismuth has also been used in solders. The fact that bismuth and many of its alloys expand slightly when they freeze make them ideal for this purpose.
• Bismuth subnitrate is a component of glazes that produces an iridescent luster finish.

In the early 1990s, research began on the evaluation of bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in such uses as ceramic glazes, fishing sinkers, food processing equipment, free-machining brasses for plumbing applications, lubricating greases, and shot for waterfowl hunting.

Crystals

Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form into distinctive hopper crystals. These colorful laboratory creations are typically sold to hobbyists.

History

Bismuth (New Latin bisemutum from German Wismuth, perhaps from weisse Masse, "white mass") was confused in early times with tin and lead due to its resemblance to those elements. Claude Geoffroy Junine showed in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead.

Occurrence

The most important ores of bismuth are bismuthinite and bismite. Canada, Bolivia, Japan, Mexico, and Peru are major producers. Bismuth produced in the United States is obtained as a by-product of copper, gold, lead, silver, tin and especially lead ore processing. The average price for bismuth in 2000 was US 7.70 per kilogram.

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory - Bismuth

External links

• WebElements.com - Bismuth
• EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Bismuth
• Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay

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