Belligerent occupation Guide, Meaning , Facts, Information and Description

Belligerent or military occupation occurs when one nation's military garrisons occupy all or part of a foreign nation during an invasion (during or after a war). The Hague Convention of 1907 and the customary laws of belligerent occupation govern belligerent occupation in international law. The Fourth Geneva Convention, adopted in 1949 (and amended in 1977), governs treatment of civilian noncombatants during an occupation, and the rights of militants resisting occupations.

Table of contents

1 Examples of military occupations 1.1 Historical occupations 1.2 Significant contemporary occupations 1.3 Disputed occupations 1.3.1 Disputed to be an occupation by local population 1.3.2 Disputed to be an occupation by nation of dominant military forces in area 1.3.3 Other 2 Further reading 3 External links 4 Reference

Examples of military occupations

Inclusion in any one of these lists does not support nor condemn any of the situations referred to.

See List of military occupations.

Historical occupations

• Nazi occupation of the countries of Europe which spawned resistance movements.
• Allied (USSR, USA, UK, & France) occupation of Germany after the Second World War
• East Timor — by Indonesia (now independent)
• Taiwan and the Pescadores — by the Republic of China military forces, as delegated by the Allied Command (formally ceded by Treaty of San Francisco and Treaty of Taipei by Japan)
• Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan
• Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt
• Occupation of Palestine

Significant contemporary occupations

• Haiti — by the United States
• Western Sahara — by Morocco
• Tibet — annexed by China since 1951 (claimed as historically China)
• Papua — annexed by Indonesia since 1961

Disputed occupations

Some presences are often referred to as occupations, but their status as an occupation are often disputed when not every party in the situation agrees that it is even an occupation at all.

Disputed to be an occupation by local population

• Ceuta, Melilla and Plazas de Soberania — administered by Spain, claimed by Morocco
• Corsica — administered by France
• Falkland Islands — administered by the United Kingdom, claimed by Argentina
• Israel (1967 borders) — unrecognized by parts of the Arab world, though recognized by Egypt, Jordan and most of the Maghreb
• Lebanon — by Syria since 1979 (disputed by some pro-Syria populations)
• Northern Cyprus — garrisoned by Turkey, claimed by Greece
• Northern Ireland — the Unionist majority support British rule, but the Republican minority consider the area to be under British occupation

Disputed to be an occupation by nation of dominant military forces in area

• Guantanamo Bay, Cuba — by the United States
• Basque Country — by Spain and France
• Catalonia — by Spain and France
• Chechnya — claimed by Russia
• East Turkistan — annexed by China (claimed as historically China)
• The West Bank and Gaza Strip — by Israel since 1967 (see Israeli-Palestinian conflict)
• Golan Heights and East Jerusalem — annexed by Israel
• Inner Mongolia — annexed by China (claimed as historically China)
• Kaliningrad Oblast — annexed by Russia (though its previous population as long since been expelled and replaced by Russians), claimed by Poland through post-war treaty
• Lower Kuril Islands: Kunashir/Kunashiri, Iturup/Etorofu, Shikotan, Habomai — annexed by Russia (who considers the matter non-negotiable)
• Ryūkyū Islands; — garrisoned by the United States, claimed and administered by Japan
• Tibet — annexed by China since 1951 (claimed as historically China)
• Northern Ireland — the British government consider the area to be part of the United Kingdom, with the consent of the majority of its population (see above)
• Iraq — by the United States and some allies (see U.S.-led occupation of Iraq)

Other

• North Korea and South Korea — see Korean Conflict

Further reading

• David Kretzmer, Occupation of Justice: The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories, State University of New York Press, April, 2002, trade paperback, 262 pages, ISBN 0791453383; hardcover, July, 2002, ISBN 0791453375

External links

• Belligerent Occupation
• The International Laws of Belligerent Occupation by Professor Francis Boyle (Point of view hostile to Israel)
• The Law of Belligerent Occupation Michal N. Schmitt (regarding occupation of Iraq)
• Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States and Military Occupation under the Law of War by Richard W. Hartzell

Reference

Adapted from the Wikinfo article, "Belligerent occupation" [1]

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