Ashkenazi Guide, Meaning , Facts, Information and Description
| Ashkenazi | |
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| Language | Ashkenazi Hebrew as a liturgical language. Also, traditionally, (Yiddish); now typically the language of whatever country they live in (including Modern Hebrew in Israel). |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Related ethnic groups |
• Jews • Sephardic Jews • Ashkenazi • Other Jewish groups |
Ashkenazi (אשכנזי, Standard Hebrew Aškanazi, Tiberian Hebrew ʾAškănāzī) Jews or Ashkenazic Jews, also called Ashkenazim (אשכנזים, Standard Hebrew Aškanazim, Tiberian Hebrew ʾAškănāzīm), are Jews who are descendants of Jews from Germany, Poland, Austria and Eastern Europe. In historical times, Ashkenazi Jews usually spoke Yiddish or Slavic languages such as (now extinct) Knaanic.
Since the 19th century, many of them have emigrated to other countries such as France, the United States and, recently, Israel.
| Table of contents |
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2 Customs, laws and traditions 3 Relationship to other Jews 4 Medicine 5 Literature |
Ashkenaz is a traditional Hebrew word for Germany, and in particular to the area along the Rhine where the allemani tribe once lived (compare the French and Spanish words Allemagne and Alemania, respectively, for Germany).
The word ashkenazi is often used in medieval rabbinic literature. References to Ashkenaz in Yosippon and Hasdai's letter to the king of the Khazars would date the term as far back as the tenth century, as would also Saadia Gaon's commentary on Daniel 7:8. Literature about the alleged Turkic origin of the Ashkenazi population appeared mainly after 1950. In the first half of the eleventh century Hai Gaon refers to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz, by which he undoubtedly means Germany. Rashi in the latter half of the eleventh century refers to both the language of Ashkenaz (Commentary on Deuteronomy 3:9; idem on Talmud tractate Sukkah 17a) and the country of Ashkenaz (Talmud, Hullin 93a). During the twelfth century the word appears quite frequently. In the "Mahzor Vitry", the kingdom of Ashkenaz is referred to chiefly in regard to the ritual of the synagogue there, but occasionally also with regard to certain other observances (ib. p. 129).
In the literature of the thirteenth century references to the land and the language of Ashkenaz often occur. See especially Solomon ben Adret's Responsa (vol. i., No. 395); the Responsa of Asher ben Jehiel (pp. 4, 6); his "Halakot" (Berakot i. 12, ed. Wilna, p. 10); the work of his son Jacob ben Asher, "Tur Orah Hayyim" (chapter 59); the Responsa of Isaac ben Sheshet (numbers 193, 268, 270).
The first use of the name comes from a Midrash about the descendants of Japheth (Genesis 10:1). In the Midrash compilation Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions "Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah" as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the Palestinian Jews, or the text is corrupted from "Germanica." This view of Berechiah is based on the Talmud (Yoma 10a; Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 71b), where Gomer, the father of Ashkenaz, is translated by "Germamia," which evidently stands for Germany, and which was suggested by the similarity of the sound.
In later times the word Ashkenaz is used to designate southern and western Germany, the ritual of which sections differs somewhat from that of eastern Germany and Poland. Thus the prayer-book of Isaiah Horowitz, and many others, give the piyyutim according to the Minhag of Ashkenaz and Poland.
The halachic practices of Ashkenazic Jews may differ from those of Sephardic Jews, particularly in matters of custom. Differences are noted in the Shulkhan Arukh itself, in the gloss of Moses Isserles. Well known differences in practice include:
The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach (Hebrew, "liturgical tradition") used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and melodies used in the singing of prayers.
This phrase is often used in contrast with Sephardic Jews, also called Sephardim, who are descendants of Jews from Spain, and Portugal. There are some differences in how the two groups pronounce Hebrew, and in points of ritual.
Several famous people have this as a surname, e.g. Vladimir Ashkenazi. Ironically, most people with this surname are in fact Sepharadim, and usually of Syrian-Jewish background. This family name was adopted by the families who lived in Sephardic countries and were of Askenazic origins, after being nicknamed Askenazi by their respective communities. Some have shortened the name to Ash. Other spellings exist, such as Eskenazi by the Syrian-Jews who relocated to Panama and other South-American Jewish communities.
See also: Jew, Judaism, Rabbenu Gershom
The Ashkenazi Jewish population has, like many other populations, a higher incidence of specific hereditary diseases. Some organizations, most notably Dor Yeshorim, organize screening programs to prevent homozygosity for the genes that cause these diseases:
A number of the above diseases are neurological. Recent studies have found that the Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group in the world (verbal IQ only). See "race and intelligence" for a discussion.History of the word Ashkenaz
Customs, laws and traditions
Relationship to other Jews
Medicine
There is also a higher incidence of:
See Jewish Genetics Center for more information on testing programmes.